What are the Causes Depression?

Basic cause of depression is certainly not known, many attempts to find the cause of this disorder. According to Kaplan in Tarigan (2003), Factors associated with causes can be divided up: biological factors, genetic factors and social psychological factors. Where these three factors can also affect each other with each other.
a. Biological factors: 1) factors neurotransmitter: From biogenic amin, norepinephrine and serotonin are two neurotransmitters that play a role in the pathophysiology of the mood disorder. a) Norepinephrine: a relationship expressed by basic scientific research between the decline in regulatory b-adrenergic receptor and clinical response to antidepressants possible indication of the role of noradrenergic systems in depression. Other evidence that also involves presinaptik adrenergic receptors in depression, since the receptor is activated receptors result in reduction in the amount of norepinephrine released. Presipnatik adrenergic receptors are also located in neurons and regulate the amount serotonergik released serotin, b) Serotonin: a known number of specific securities serotin re inhibator uptake (SSRI), for example; fluoxetin in the treatment of depression, making the neurotransmitter serotonin, biogenic amin most often associated with depression , c) Dopamine: although norepinephrine and serotonin are biogenic amin. Dopamine is also often associated with the pathophysiology of depression, d) other neurochemical factors: neuroaktif GABA and peptides (especially vasopressin and endogenous opiate) have been involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. 2) neuroendocrine factors: Hipothalamus is central neuroendocrine regulation of neuronal stimulation and accept that use the neurotransmitter biogenic amin. Various endocrine disregulasi found in patients with mood disorders. 3) Factor Neuroanatomi: Some researchers say the hypothesis, that the mood disorder involving the pathological and the limbic system, basal ganglia and the hypothalamus.
b. Genetic factors: Genetic Data states that a significant factor in the development of mood disorder is genetic. In studies of twins, severe depression, the monozigot twins is 50%, while dizigot 10 to 25%.
c. Psychosocial factors. 1) Events of life and environmental stress: a clinical observation that the event or events in the life of tension often precedes episodes of mood disorder. One theory explains that the stress that accompanies the first episode will cause changes in neurotransmitter function and system of intra-neuronal signaling that ultimately these changes have caused a high risk to suffer from mood disorders later. 2) Premorbid personality factors: No single personality or a special form of personality as a predisposition to depression. All people with any personality traits may experience depression, although such tipetipe oral dependent personality, obsessive compulsive, hysterical has a great risk of depression than others. 3) psychoanalytic and psychodynamic factors: Freud (1917) suggests a relationship between object loss and melancholia. He stated that depressed patients anger directed at myself for identifying the missing object. Freud believed that introjection is a way to escape the ego of the missing object. E. Bibring emphasized the loss of self-esteem. Bibring said the depression as an effect that can do something about the aggression that is directed into him. When depressed patients realize that they do not live in accordance with the dicita-citakannya, will cause them to despair. 4) Learned helplessness: In the experiment, in which animals are repeatedly confronted with an electric shock that can not be avoided, the animal will eventually give up and not try at all to avoid surprises later. They learn that they are helpless. In depression, we can find the same lack of empowerment of the state. 5) Theory of Cognitive Development: Beck show an interest in cognitive disorders depression Asikal HS in Tarigan (2003) He identifies 3 major cognitive patterns in depression called cognitive triad, namely: a) a negative view toward the future, b) a negative view of self, the individual considers himself incapable, stupid, lazy, worthless, c) a negative view of life experience. Meyer argues that depression is a reaction to the experience of life.